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	<title>Comments on: Gerald Ford&#8217;s space policy legacy</title>
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	<description>Because sometimes the most important orbit is the Beltway...</description>
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		<title>By: Adrasteia</title>
		<link>http://www.spacepolitics.com/2006/12/28/gerald-fords-space-policy-legacy/#comment-9634</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Adrasteia]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Jan 2007 11:37:51 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Last century, rather.
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Last century, rather.</p>
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	<item>
		<title>By: Adrasteia</title>
		<link>http://www.spacepolitics.com/2006/12/28/gerald-fords-space-policy-legacy/#comment-9633</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Adrasteia]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Jan 2007 11:37:07 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[I liked Gerald Ford. He&#039;s the only person this century in American politics to have realised that the job is simply too important to be taken seriously.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I liked Gerald Ford. He&#8217;s the only person this century in American politics to have realised that the job is simply too important to be taken seriously.</p>
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	<item>
		<title>By: Dick</title>
		<link>http://www.spacepolitics.com/2006/12/28/gerald-fords-space-policy-legacy/#comment-9632</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Dick]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2006 19:07:26 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[I finally tracked down my copy of the Marshall Institute&#039;s &quot;Presidential Decisions: NSC Documents,&quot; which Stephanie Feyock and R. Cargill Hall compiled. So here&#039;s two additional notes:

1. The full text of NSDM-345 on &quot;U.S. Anti-Satellite Capabilities,&quot; of January 18, 1977 was declassified in 2004 and is posted at:
http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/document/nsdmnssm/nsdm345a.htm

This was signed by Brent Scrowcroft, who was then serving as President Ford&#039;s national security adviser (hence the references to the President in the third person).

2. The April 2006 supplement to the Marshall Institute compilation includes the following declassified passages from NSDM-333, &quot;Enhanced Survivability of Critical US Military and Intelligence Space Systems,&quot; signed on July 7, 1976.

&quot;Policy for Survivability of Space Assets

&quot;The President has determined that the United States will continue to make use of international treaty obligations and political measures to foster free use of space for U.S. satellite assets both during peacetime and in times of crisis. However, to further reduce potential degradation of critical space capabilities resulting from possible interference with U.S. military and intelligence space assets, the President also considers it necessary to implement improvements to their inherent technical survivability...

&quot;The survivability improvements in critical military and intelligence space assets should be predicated on the following U.S. objectives:

&quot;(1) Provide unambiguous, high confidence, timely warning of any attack directed at U.S. satellites;

&quot;(2) Provide positive verification of any actual interference with critical U.S. military and intelligence satellite capabilities;

&quot;******

&quot;The plan should develop a range of implementation schedule/funding profiles for Presidential consideration. An initial version of this plan should be submitted to the President no later than November 30, 1976.&quot;]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I finally tracked down my copy of the Marshall Institute&#8217;s &#8220;Presidential Decisions: NSC Documents,&#8221; which Stephanie Feyock and R. Cargill Hall compiled. So here&#8217;s two additional notes:</p>
<p>1. The full text of NSDM-345 on &#8220;U.S. Anti-Satellite Capabilities,&#8221; of January 18, 1977 was declassified in 2004 and is posted at:<br />
<a href="http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/document/nsdmnssm/nsdm345a.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/document/nsdmnssm/nsdm345a.htm</a></p>
<p>This was signed by Brent Scrowcroft, who was then serving as President Ford&#8217;s national security adviser (hence the references to the President in the third person).</p>
<p>2. The April 2006 supplement to the Marshall Institute compilation includes the following declassified passages from NSDM-333, &#8220;Enhanced Survivability of Critical US Military and Intelligence Space Systems,&#8221; signed on July 7, 1976.</p>
<p>&#8220;Policy for Survivability of Space Assets</p>
<p>&#8220;The President has determined that the United States will continue to make use of international treaty obligations and political measures to foster free use of space for U.S. satellite assets both during peacetime and in times of crisis. However, to further reduce potential degradation of critical space capabilities resulting from possible interference with U.S. military and intelligence space assets, the President also considers it necessary to implement improvements to their inherent technical survivability&#8230;</p>
<p>&#8220;The survivability improvements in critical military and intelligence space assets should be predicated on the following U.S. objectives:</p>
<p>&#8220;(1) Provide unambiguous, high confidence, timely warning of any attack directed at U.S. satellites;</p>
<p>&#8220;(2) Provide positive verification of any actual interference with critical U.S. military and intelligence satellite capabilities;</p>
<p>&#8220;******</p>
<p>&#8220;The plan should develop a range of implementation schedule/funding profiles for Presidential consideration. An initial version of this plan should be submitted to the President no later than November 30, 1976.&#8221;</p>
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	<item>
		<title>By: Dick</title>
		<link>http://www.spacepolitics.com/2006/12/28/gerald-fords-space-policy-legacy/#comment-9631</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Dick]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 28 Dec 2006 12:26:54 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[In addition to civil space developments, recent declassificatons of historical documents suggest that several key policy decisions occured in the realm of national security space during the Ford administration.

According to records posted by the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, President Ford signed three National Security Decision Memoranda related to space:

NSDM-306, &quot;U.S.-Japan Space Cooperation,&quot; signed September 24, 1975

NSDM-333, &quot;Enhanced Survivability of Critical US Military and Intelligence Space Systems,&quot; dated July 7, 1976

NSDM-345, &quot;U.S. Anti-Satellite Capabilities,&quot; dated January 18, 1977

The NSDM on Japanese space cooperation has been declassified and is available at:
http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/document/nsdmnssm/nsdm306a.htm

Portions of the other two directives have also been declassified and were recently published by the George C. Marshall Institute in a compilation of presidential space policy documents.

The ASAT directive -- signed two days before Ford left office -- noted Soviet development of a co-orbital satellite interceptor. &quot;In light of these developments, the President has reassessed U.S. policy regarding acquisition of an anti-satellite capability and has decided that the Soviets should not be allowed an exclusive sanctuary in space for critical military supporting satellites.&quot;

Finally, as the National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office noted in a brief history of the NRO, &quot;[t]he first electro-optical satellite reconnaissance system--the name of which is still classified--was deployed by the NRO in 1976.&quot; This system was declared operational on January 20, 1977 -- the day that Jimmy Carter walked into the White House as Ford&#039;s successor.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In addition to civil space developments, recent declassificatons of historical documents suggest that several key policy decisions occured in the realm of national security space during the Ford administration.</p>
<p>According to records posted by the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, President Ford signed three National Security Decision Memoranda related to space:</p>
<p>NSDM-306, &#8220;U.S.-Japan Space Cooperation,&#8221; signed September 24, 1975</p>
<p>NSDM-333, &#8220;Enhanced Survivability of Critical US Military and Intelligence Space Systems,&#8221; dated July 7, 1976</p>
<p>NSDM-345, &#8220;U.S. Anti-Satellite Capabilities,&#8221; dated January 18, 1977</p>
<p>The NSDM on Japanese space cooperation has been declassified and is available at:<br />
<a href="http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/document/nsdmnssm/nsdm306a.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/document/nsdmnssm/nsdm306a.htm</a></p>
<p>Portions of the other two directives have also been declassified and were recently published by the George C. Marshall Institute in a compilation of presidential space policy documents.</p>
<p>The ASAT directive &#8212; signed two days before Ford left office &#8212; noted Soviet development of a co-orbital satellite interceptor. &#8220;In light of these developments, the President has reassessed U.S. policy regarding acquisition of an anti-satellite capability and has decided that the Soviets should not be allowed an exclusive sanctuary in space for critical military supporting satellites.&#8221;</p>
<p>Finally, as the National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office noted in a brief history of the NRO, &#8220;[t]he first electro-optical satellite reconnaissance system&#8211;the name of which is still classified&#8211;was deployed by the NRO in 1976.&#8221; This system was declared operational on January 20, 1977 &#8212; the day that Jimmy Carter walked into the White House as Ford&#8217;s successor.</p>
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